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Me-Mechanical Engineering
IEI-Institution of Engineers India
Conventional Exam old Years pa ...
This is the Previos year papers of Indian Engineering Services Mechanical Engineering.This papers useful for B.tech Students for prepartion of IES Exam.the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducted,the Indian Engineering Services (IES) Exam every year to recruit engineers of specific branch into positions in different Central Government Departments.<br /> <br /> <br />
MIET-Modern Institute of Engineering and Technology
modern institute of engg and t ...
this is miet............
LDIET-Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering and Technology
B. Tech Second Semester Engine ...
This is the sample paper ofB. Tech Second Semester Engineering Physics II Exam .Rajasthan Technical University, Kota is prestigious university in Rajasthan which provides best Technical education.Student have to somplete this paper in 3 hrs.This paper is of 100 marks and student have to attempt 1 question from each unit of the subject.
SU-Sathyabama University
IIIrd Sem Machine Drawing 6C00 ...
Machine Drawing is the subject of 5th sem in Sathyabama University.Papers are separated into two different groups, A and B respectively. The total number of questions in the first group is four and all are compulsory to answer and second question has one drawing question of 50 marks. The total marks for the first group is 30 and time allotted for this paper is 3 hours.<br />
SU-Sathyabama University
4th Sem Mechanics of Solids II ...
Mechanics of Solids is the subject of 5th sem in Sathyabama University.These questions are divided into 2 sections. Sectyon A is of 10 short answer type questions and these questions are necessary to be attempted. Section B is of 5 long answer type questions with internal choice.The Maximum marks for this paper is 100 and time alloted here is 3 hours.<br />
ABIT-Ajay Binay Institute of Technology
Mechanics Exam sample paper of ...
This is the sample paper of -B.Tech First Semester Mechanics Exam.This paper is compulsory for allmost all the branches of B.Tech because it contain basic understanding of the structures.There is given 3 hrs to students to complete the paper.
UP-University of Pune
Process Calculation 3rd sem sa ...
One of the very important subjects taught here in chemical engineering department is Process Calculation in third semester in university of pune. The paper has two divisions with 6 questions in both of them. 3 questions from both the sections are mandatory.<br />
UM-University of Mumbai
Strength of Materials sample p ...
Strength of Materials is the 4th sem paper from MU.The paper has 7 questions from which 5 have to attempt. Question number 1 is compulsory and remaining 4 can be any one from the next 6. Total marks in the paper are 100 and maximum time given to the candidates for this is 3 hours. Each question is of equal marks and has sub-question of it. Below are attached some of the previous years question papers<br /> <br />
HIT-Haldia Institute of Technology
last year sample paper for ME ...
West bangal university of technolgy(WBUT) almost provides the same syllabus for all branches in 1st year.<br /> Here are some previous asked question samper paper which was last and the questions are easily understood and are very logical which wiil help student to prepare there final exam paper.
HIT-Haldia Institute of Technology
last year sample paper for EE ...
West bangal university of technology(WBUT) provides same syllabus for the 1st year student. Here are the some question which was asked previous year and the question are very logical and easily understandable to the student.
IIT-Kanpur-Indian Institute of Technology
Momentum notes for B.tech student by IIT Kanpur
Momentum is a corner stone concept in Physics. It is a conserved quantity. That is, within a closed system of interacting objects, the total momentum of that system does not change value. This allows one to calculate and predict the outcomes when objects bounce into one another. Or, by knowing the outcome of a collision, one can reason what was the initial state of the system.
IIT-Kanpur-Indian Institute of Technology
Dynamics of Machines 2 rigid b ...
Rigid motion of an object is a motion which preserves distance between points. The study of robot kinematics, dynamics, and control has at its heart the study of the motion of rigid objects.
IIT-Kanpur-Indian Institute of Technology
Dynamics of Machines 1 rigid b ...
Rigid-body dynamics is the study of the motion of rigid bodies. Unlike particles, which move only in three degrees of freedom,rigid bodies occupy space and have geometrical properties, such as a center of mass, moments of inertia, etc.
IIT-Kanpur-Indian Institute of Technology
Introduction to Finite Element ...
Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical method for solving a differential or integral<br /> equation. It has been applied to a number of physical problems, where the governing differential<br /> equations are available. The method essentially consists of assuming the piecewise continuous<br /> function for the solution and obtaining the parameters of the functions in a manner that reduces the<br /> error in the solution. In this article, a brief introduction to finite element method is provided. The<br /> method is illustrated with the help of the plane stress and plane strain formulation.
IITD - Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
An Introduction to CAD notes f ...
CAD is<br /> –Integration of CS techniques in engineering<br /> design<br /> –Use of computers(hardware & software)for<br /> designing products<br /> –Numerical method, optimizations etc.<br /> –2D/3D drafting<br /> –3D modeling for visualization<br /> –Modeling<br /> curves,surfaces,solids,mechanism,assemblies,<br /> etc.
IIT-Kanpur-Indian Institute of Technology
Physics of material notes by IIT Kanpur student
Quiz for complete course in physics of material by iit kanpur student.
DCE-Delhi College of Engineering
Electromagnetic Induction notes for DU students
<p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font size="3"><b><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (Chapter 29)</font></b></font></p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><b>INDUCTANCE (Chapter 30) below</b></font></p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p align="left" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><b>KEY TERMS: induced current, induced emf, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law, motional emf, induced electric field, Maxwell's equations.</b></font></p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" height="75" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="653"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="60" style="font-size: 11px; " width="667"> <img height="282" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_01_Magnet_and_coil.JPG" width="635" /></td> <td height="60" style="font-size: 11px; " width="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size: 11px; " valign="top" width="667"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.1 Induction of a current in a coil of wire</font></div> </td> <td height="16" style="font-size: 11px; " width="10"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="10" style="font-size: 11px; " width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Whenever there is a <b>change</b> in the number of magnetic field lines passing through a <b>loop</b> of wire a voltage (or emf) is generated (or induced) in the loop of wire. This is how an electric generator works. The phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction and is explained by <br /> <b>Faraday's law of induction</b>:</font><br /> <font face="Symbol" size="5">e</font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"> = -- d<font face="Symbol" size="4">F</font> / dt</font></p> <p align="left" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">where <font face="Symbol" size="4">F</font> is the <b>magnetic flux</b> given by the closed integral of the dot product <b>B </b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>0 </b></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><b>dA.</b></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" height="476" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="640"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="34" style="font-size: 11px; " valign="top" width="427"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_02_Coil_in_B_field.JPG" width="304" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " valign="top" width="263"> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p align="left"> </p> <p align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">According to <b>Faraday's law</b>,<br /> if there is no change (with time) <br /> in the number of lines of B field, <br /> or magnetic flux, <br /> through a closed loop(s) <br /> there will be <b>no</b> induced, <br /> or generated, <br /> voltage set up in the loop(s).</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="34" style="font-size: 11px; " valign="top" width="427"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.2 Coil in a uniform constant magnetic field</font></div> </td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " valign="top" width="263"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="630"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_03_Magnetic_flux.JPG" width="501" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="54" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.3 Magnetic flux (<font face="Symbol">F</font>)</font></div> </td> <td height="54" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="630"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="57%"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_04_Coil_in_increasing_B_field.JPG" width="401" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " valign="top" width="40%"> <p> </p> <p align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">According to Faraday's law, as the <br /> strength of a magnetic field (B) passing through a loop of wire increases, there <br /> will be an increase in the number of magnetic field lines, and therefore an induced voltage, or emf, <br /> set up in the wire loop.</font></p> <p align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">If the strength decreases there will also <br /> be an induced emf set up in the loop but with the opposite polarity.</font></p> <p align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Lenz's law indicates the polarity<br /> of the induced emf.</font></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="51" style="font-size: 11px; " width="57%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.5 Coil in an increasing magnetic field</font></div> </td> <td height="51" style="font-size: 11px; " width="43%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="645"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_05_Changing_magnetic_flux.JPG" width="623" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="51" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.6 Changing magnetic flux induces current (recall I = V / R)</font></div> </td> <td height="51" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="661"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="317" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_07_Alernator.JPG" width="641" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="42" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.8 Alternator (AC generator)</font></div> </td> <td height="42" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">In an AC electric generator, or alternator, the flux through the loops of wire (wound on the armature) changes, and therefore according to Faraday's law there will be an emf induced in the loops of wire.</font><br /> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">This induced emf causes a current to flow in the loops.</font></p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="664"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="270" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_08_DC_generator.JPG" width="641" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="36" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.10 DC generator</font></div> </td> <td height="36" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">In a DC generator the direction of the induced current in the loops must be changed every one-half<br /> turn of the generator shaft. This is done with split rings on the rotating armature contacting the <br /> stationary "brushes" which are in turn connected to the wires coming out of the generator.</font></p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p align="center" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">There is another way to see how a current is set up in the loop. <br /> The electric force equation <b>F</b> = q <b>v</b> x <b>B</b> and the right hand rule indicate there is a force on the charges (electrons) in the purple bar that is moving with velocity <b>v</b>.</font></p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="633"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="431" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_09_Slidewire_generator.JPG" width="621" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="90" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <p align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.11<b>Slidewire generator</b><br /> Because the magnetic flux (<font face="Symbol">F)</font> through the loop is changing (increasing) there is an emf induced in the loop in accordance with Faraday's law. </font></p> </td> <td height="90" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="647"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="428" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_10_Induced_current_causes_force.JPG" width="624" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="67" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.12 Induced current (I) causes a force <b>F</b> = I <b>L</b> x <b>B </b>to be exerted on the bar. <br /> This force is in the direction opposite to the velocity <b>v</b>.</font></div> </td> <td height="67" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="442" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_11_Lenz%27s_law.JPG" width="548" /></td> <td height="442" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="80" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.13<b> Lenz's law </b>describes the tendency of nature to resist any <br /> change in magnetic flux passing through a loop of wire. <br /> Changes in flux can be canceled by <b>inducing</b> a magnetic field in the appropriate direction.</font></div> </td> <td height="80" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="638"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="246" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_12_Induced_currents.JPG" width="600" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="52" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.14 Induced currents caused by <b>changes</b> in magnetic flux</font></div> </td> <td height="52" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_13_Induced_currents_in_rods.JPG" width="211" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="37" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.15 (a) Induced emf in rod, (b) induced current in wire loop</font></div> </td> <td height="37" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="657"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="311" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_15_Solenoid_with_changing_current.JPG" width="644" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="80" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.17 Solenoid with changing current. <br /> The galvanometer G will record the presence of an induced emf in the loop of wire <br /> caused by the change in flux passing through the loop.</font></div> </td> <td height="80" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="655"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="366" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_16_Eddy_currents.JPG" width="642" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="40" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.19 Eddy currents</font></div> </td> <td height="40" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="629"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="395" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_17_Metal_detector.JPG" width="614" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="45" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.20 <b>Metal detector</b></font></div> </td> <td height="45" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="654"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="left"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3"><b>Maxwell's Equations</b> (section 29.7) will be covered later in Chapter 32 "Electromagnetic Waves." <br /> <br /> <b>Maxwell's four equations <br /> <br /> 1. Gauss's Law for electric fields <br /> 2. Gauss's Law formagnetic fields, <br /> 3. Faraday's Law, and <br /> 4. Ampere's Law as modified by Maxwell <br /> <br /> predict the existence of electromagnetic waves capable of propagating through empty space at the speed of light, which is an electromagnetic wave.</b></font></div> </td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_22_Lens%27s_law.JPG" width="440" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="44" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.31 Lenz's law</font></div> </td> <td height="44" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="655"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="355" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_23_Lenz%27s%20law%20(Exercise%2030-13).JPG" width="650" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="58" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.33 Lenz's law (Exercise 29.17)</font></div> </td> <td height="58" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="653"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="441" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_24_Lenz%27s_law_(Exercise_30-14).JPG" width="543" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="53" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.34 Lenz's law (Exercise 29.18)</font></div> </td> <td height="53" style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </p> <table cellpadding="1" style="font-family: verdana, arial, 'sans serif'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="650"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <img height="302" src="http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/becker/physics51/30_25_Lenz%27s_law_(Exercise_30-16).JPG" width="636" /></td> <td style="font-size: 11px; " width="3%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="52" style="font-size: 11px; " width="97%"> <div align="center"> <font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="3">Fig. 29.37 Lenz's law (Exercise 29.21)</font></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br />
DCE-Delhi College of Engineering
Electromagnetism notes for DEC students Delhi
<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> Electromagnetism is the force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles; the areas in which this happens are calledelectromagnetic fields. It is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation.</p> Electromagnetism is the interaction responsible for practically all the phenomena encountered in daily life, with the exception of gravity. Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter. Electromagnetism attracts electrons to an atomic nucleus to formatoms, which are the building blocks of molecules. This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.<br /> Electromagnetism manifests as both electric fields and magnetic fields. Both fields are simply different aspects of electromagnetism, and hence are intrinsically related. Thus, a changing electric field generates a magnetic field; conversely a changing magnetic field generates an electric field. This effect is called electromagnetic induction, and is the basis of operation for electrical generators, induction motors, and transformers. Mathematically speaking, magnetic fields and electric fields are convertible with relative motion as a 2nd-order tensor or bivector.<br /> Electric fields are the cause of several common phenomena, such as electric potential (such as the voltage of a battery) and electric current (such as the flow of electricity through a flashlight). Magnetic fields are the cause of the force associated with magnets.<br /> In quantum electrodynamics, electromagnetic interactions between charged particles can be calculated using the method of Feynman diagrams, in which we picture messenger particles called virtual photons being exchanged between charged particles. This method can be derived from the field picture throughperturbation theory.<br /> The theoretical implications of electromagnetism led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.<br /> <br /> <strong>Overview</strong><br /> The electromagnetic force is one of the four known fundamental forces. The other fundamental forces are: the strong nuclear force (which holds quarks together, along with its residual strong force effect that holds atomic nuclei together, to form the nucleus), the weak nuclear force (which causes certain forms of radioactive decay), and the gravitational force. All other forces (e.g. friction) are ultimately derived from these fundamental forces and momentum carried by the movement of particles.<br /> <br /> The electromagnetic force is the one responsible for practically all the phenomena one encounters in daily life above the nuclear scale, with the exception of gravity. Roughly speaking, all the forces involved in interactions between atoms can be explained by the electromagnetic force acting on the electrically charged atomic nuclei and electrons inside and around the atoms, together with how these particles carry momentum by their movement. This includes the forces we experience in "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects, which come from the intermolecular forces between the individual molecules in our bodies and those in the objects. It also includes all forms of chemical phenomena.<br /> <br /> A necessary part of understanding the intra-atomic to intermolecular forces is the effective force generated by the momentum of the electrons' movement, and that electrons move between interacting atoms, carrying momentum with them. As a collection of electrons becomes more confined, their minimum momentum necessarily increases due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The behaviour of matter at the molecular scale including its density is determined by the balance between the electromagnetic force and the force generated by the exchange of momentum carried by the electrons themselves.<br /> <br /> <strong>Classical electrodynamics</strong><br /> Main article: Classical electrodynamics<br /> The scientist William Gilbert proposed, in his De Magnete (1600), that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects. Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb a compass needle, but the link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin's proposed experiments in 1752. One of the first to discover and publish a link between man-made electric current and magnetism was Romagnosi, who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a voltaic pile deflected a nearby compassneedle. However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ørsted performed a similar experiment.[2] Ørsted's work influenced Ampère to produce a theory of electromagnetism that set the subject on a mathematical foundation.<br /> <br /> A theory of electromagnetism, known as classical electromagnetism, was developed by various physicists over the course of the 19th century, culminating in the work of James Clerk Maxwell, who unified the preceding developments into a single theory and discovered the electromagnetic nature of light. In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known asMaxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.<br /> <br /> One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with classical mechanics, but it is compatible with special relativity. According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space. This violates Galilean invariance, a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics. One way to reconcile the two theories is to assume the existence of a luminiferous aether through which the light propagates. However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether. After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré, in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaces classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics that is compatible with classical electromagnetism. (For more information, see History of special relativity.)<br /> <br /> In addition, relativity theory shows that in moving frames of reference a magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and vice versa; thus firmly showing that they are two sides of the same coin, and thus the term "electromagnetism". (For more information, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity.)<br /> <br /> <strong>The photoelectric effect</strong><br /> Main article: Photoelectric effect<br /> In another paper published in that same year, Albert Einstein undermined the very foundations of classical electromagnetism. His theory of the photoelectric effect (for which he won the Nobel prize for physics) posited that light could exist in discrete particle-like quantities, which later came to be known as photons. Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect extended the insights that appeared in the solution of the ultraviolet catastrophe presented by Max Planck in 1900. In his work, Planck showed that hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete packets, which leads to a finite totalenergy emitted as black body radiation. Both of these results were in direct contradiction with the classical view of light as a continuous wave. Planck's and Einstein's theories were progenitors ofquantum mechanics, which, when formulated in 1925, necessitated the invention of a quantum theory of electromagnetism. This theory, completed in the 1940s, is known as quantum electrodynamics(or "QED"), and, in situations where perturbation theory is applicable, is one of the most accurate theories known to physics.<br /> <br /> <strong>Units</strong><br /> Electromagnetic units are part of a system of electrical units based primarily upon the magnetic properties of electric currents, the fundamental SI unit being the ampere. The units are:<br /> <br /> <strong>ampere (current)<br /> coulomb (charge)<br /> farad (capacitance)<br /> henry (inductance)<br /> ohm (resistance)<br /> tesla (magnetic field)<br /> volt (electric potential)<br /> watt (power)<br /> weber (flux)</strong><br /> In the electromagnetic cgs system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via Ampère's law and takes the permeability as a dimensionless quantity (relative permeability) whose value in a vacuum is unity. As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appears explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system.<br /> <br /> SI electromagnetism unitsv d e<br /> Symbol[3] Name of Quantity Derived Units Unit Base Units<br /> I Electric current ampere (SI base unit) A A (= W/V = C/s)<br /> Q Electric charge coulomb C A·s<br /> U, ΔV, Δφ; E Potential difference; Electromotive force volt V kg·m2·s−3·A−1 (= J/C)<br /> R; Z; X Electric resistance; Impedance; Reactance ohm Ω kg·m2·s−3·A−2 (= V/A)<br /> ρ Resistivity ohm metre Ω·m kg·m3·s−3·A−2<br /> P Electric power watt W kg·m2·s−3 (= V·A)<br /> C Capacitance farad F kg−1·m−2·s4·A2 (= C/V)<br /> E Electric field strength volt per metre V/m kg·m·s−3·A−1 (= N/C)<br /> D Electric displacement field Coulomb per square metre C/m2 A·s·m−2<br /> ε Permittivity farad per metre F/m kg−1·m−3·s4·A2<br /> χe Electric susceptibility (dimensionless) - -<br /> G; Y; B Conductance; Admittance; Susceptance siemens S kg−1·m−2·s3·A2 (= Ω−1)<br /> κ, γ, σ Conductivity siemens per metre S/m kg−1·m−3·s3·A2<br /> B Magnetic flux density, Magnetic induction tesla T kg·s−2·A−1 (= Wb/m2 = N·A−1·m−1)<br /> Φ Magnetic flux weber Wb kg·m2·s−2·A−1 (= V·s)<br /> H Magnetic field strength ampere per metre A/m A·m−1<br /> L, M Inductance henry H kg·m2·s−2·A−2 (= Wb/A = V·s/A)<br /> μ Permeability henry per metre H/m kg·m·s−2·A−2<br /> χ Magnetic susceptibility (dimensionless) - -<br /> <br /> <strong>Electromagnetic phenomena</strong><br /> With the exception of gravitation, electromagnetic phenomena as described by quantum electrodynamics (which includes as a limiting case classical electrodynamics) account for almost all physical phenomena observable to the unaided human senses, including light and other electromagnetic radiation, all of chemistry, most of mechanics (excepting gravitation), and of course magnetism andelectricity. Magnetic monopoles (and "Gilbert" dipoles) are not strictly electromagnetic phenomena, since in standard electromagnetism, magnetic fields are generated not by true "magnetic charge" but by currents. There are, however, condensed matter analogs of magnetic monopoles in exotic materials (spin ice) created in the laboratory.[4]
JIIT-Jaypee Institute of Information Technology
PPT of Physics Special Relativity topic
This is the PPT of Physics Special Relativity topic.
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