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Dbms
SSCMS-Sri Sri Centre for Media Studies
DBMS Slides ppt pdf
When you go through this lecture about DBMS Slides ppt , there is a fine need for high concentration due to the high importance of this topic and the level of understanding that you require to get the subject precisely. The subject is very important for all branches of engineering since it is quite closely related to a number of other syllabus topics. A document has been attached that is complete in all means for the help of students.
DADGITM-Dr Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and Management
olap in data warehouse
Topics covered=<br /> *OLAP Definition, Key features and Benefits <br /> * How OLAP differs from OATP? <br /> * Multidimensional data ? What? Why? How To Use?<br /> <br /> * OLAP Server Query, Features and Applications.<br /> <br /> * Category of OLAP tools<br /> * OLAP extensions to SQL.
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Query Processing
<em><strong>What Is a Query Processor?</strong></em><br /> <br /> A relational database consists of many parts, but at its heart are two major components: the storage engine and the query processor. The storage engine writes data to and reads data from the disk. It manages records, controls concurrency, and maintains log files.<br /> <br /> The query processor accepts SQL syntax, selects a plan for executing the syntax, and then executes the chosen plan. The user or program interacts with the query processor, and the query processor in turn interacts with the storage engine. The query processor isolates the user from the details of execution: The user specifies the result, and the query processor determines how this result is obtained.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Indexing & Hashing
<ul> <li> Indexing is used to speed up access to desired data.</li> <li> E.g. author catalog in library</li> <li> A search key is an attribute or set of attributes used to look up records in a file. Unrelated to keys in the db schema.</li> <li> An index file consists of records called index entries.</li> <li> An index entry for key k may consist of</li> <li> An actual data record (with search key value k)</li> <li> A pair (k, rid) where rid is a pointer to the actual data record</li> <li> A pair (k, bid) where bid is a pointer to a bucket of record pointers</li> <li> Index files are typically much smaller than the original file if the actual data records are in a separate file.</li> <li> If the index contains the data records, there is a single file with a special organization.</li> </ul> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Storage and File Structure
Database tables/indexes are typically stored on hard disk in one of many forms, ordered/unordered Flat files, ISAM, Heaps, Hash buckets or B+ Trees. These have various advantages and disadvantages discussed in this topic. The most commonly used are B+trees and ISAM.<br /> <br /> <u><strong>Storage and File Structure</strong></u><br /> <br /> We have been looking mostly at the higher-level models of a database. At the conceptual or logical level the database was viewed as<br /> A collection of tables (relational model).<br /> A collection of classes of objects (object-oriented model).<br /> The logical model is the correct level for database users to focus on. However, performance depends on the efficiency of the data structures used to represent data in the database, and on the efficiency of operations on these data structures.<br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Object-Relational Databases
An object-relational database (ORD), or object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), is a database management system (DBMS) similar to a relational database, but with an object-oriented database model: objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query language. In addition, just as with proper relational systems, it supports extension of the data model with custom data-types and methods.<br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Object-Oriented Databases
An object database (also object-oriented database management system) is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases and belongs together to the broader database management system.<br /> <br /> Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s and 1990s. Object databases main usage is in object oriented areas.<br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Relational Database Design
Database design is the process of producing a detailed data model of a database. This logical data model contains all the needed logical and physical design choices and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a Data Definition Language, which can then be used to create a database. A fully attributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity.<br /> <br /> The term database design can be used to describe many different parts of the design of an overall database system. Principally, and most correctly, it can be thought of as the logical design of the base data structures used to store the data. In the relational model these are the tables and views. In an object database the entities and relationships map directly to object classes and named relationships. However, the term database design could also be used to apply to the overall process of designing, not just the base data structures, but also the forms and queries used as part of the overall database application within the database management system (DBMS).<br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em><br /> <br />
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Integrity Constraints
Integrity constraints are used to ensure accuracy and consistency of data in a relational database.[citation needed] Data integrity is handled in a relational database through the concept of referential integrity. There are many types of integrity constraints that play a role in referential integrity.<br /> Codd initially defined two sets of constraints but, in his second version of the relational model, he came up with five integrity constraints.<br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Other Relational Languages
<u><strong>Other Relational Languages</strong></u><br /> <br /> <br /> <ol> <li> Tuple Relational Calculus</li> <li> Domain Relational Calculus</li> <li> Query-by-Example (QBE)</li> <li> Datalog</li> </ol> A data access and manipulation language conforming to the RelationalModel for database management (RelationalDatabase), as defined by EfCodd and refined by ChrisDate and HughDarwen.<br /> <br /> It is sad to see SQL being the only widespread data language, as it really adds a lot of mess to the relatively clean conceptual model of relational algebra. The strength of the relational model is its enormously simple data model: in addition to data types (ints, strings, etc.), it only has relations, operators (projection, selection, join, union, sorting, and some others) and integrity constraints.<br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
SQL
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a computer language aimed to store, manipulate, and query data stored in relational databases. The first incarnation of SQL appeared in 1974, when a group in IBM developed the first prototype of a relational database. The first commercial relational database was released by Relational Software (later becoming Oracle).<br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document...</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
The Relational Model
The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969 by Edgar F. Codd.<br /> <br /> <br /> In the relational model, related records are linked together with a "key".<br /> The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it, and let the database management system software take care of describing data structures for storing the data and retrieval procedures for answering queries.<br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
The Entity-Relationship Model
In software engineering, an entity-relationship model (ER model for short) is an abstract and conceptual representation of data. Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema or semantic data model of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams or ER diagrams.<br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Introduction to Database Concepts
A database is an organized collection of data, today typically in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies).<br /> The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system.<br /> <br /> <br /> <em><strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong></em>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
SQL Operators notes of Osmania University
SQL operators are found in just about every SQL query. Operators are the mathematical and equality symbols used to compare, evaluate, or calculate values. Equality operators include the (<), (>), and (=) symbols, which are used to compare one value against another. Each of these characters have special meaning, and when SQL comes across them, they help tell SQL how to evaluate an expression or conditional statement. Most operators will appear inside of conditional statements in the WHERE clause of SQL Commands.<br /> <br /> Operators come in three flavors: mathematical, logical, and equality. Mathematical operators add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers. Logical operators include AND and OR. Take note of the following tables for future reference.<br /> <br /> SQL operators are generally found inside of queries-- more specifically, in the conditional statements of the WHERE clause<br /> <br /> <strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
SQL WHERE Clause notes of Osmania University
SQL: WHERE Clause<br /> ________________________________________<br /> The WHERE clause allows you to filter the results from an SQL statement - select, insert, update, or delete statement.<br /> <br /> The WHERE Clause is used when you want to retrieve specific information from a table excluding other irrelevant data. For example, when you want to see the information about students in class 10th only then you do need the information about the students in other class. Retrieving information about all the students would increase the processing time for the query.<br /> <br /> So SQL offers a feature called WHERE clause, which we can use to restrict the data that is retrieved. The condition you provide in the WHERE clause filters the rows retrieved from the table and gives you only those rows which you expected to see. WHERE clause can be used along with SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE statements.
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
SQL SELECT Statement notes of Osmania University
The SQL SELECT Statement<br /> <br /> The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.<br /> <br /> The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.<br /> <br /> SQL SELECT Syntax<br /> <br /> SELECT column_name(s)<br /> FROM table_name<br /> and<br /> <br /> SELECT * FROM table_name<br /> <br /> The SELECT command is the most commonly used command in SQL. It allows database users to retrieve the specific information they desire from an operational database.<br /> <br /> <strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong><br /> <br />
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
SQL notes of Osmania University
SQL commands can be divided into two main sublanguages. The Data Definition Language (DDL) contains the commands used to create and destroy databases and database objects. After the database structure is defined with DDL, database administrators and users can utilize the Data Manipulation Language to insert, retrieve and modify the data contained within it.<br /> <br /> <strong>For detailed explanation read the attached document.</strong>
AMSSOI-Andhra Mahila Sabha School of Informatics
Introduction to SQL notes of Osmania University
SQL is a standard language for accessing databases.<br /> <br /> Our SQL tutorial will teach you how to use SQL to access and manipulate data in:<br /> <br /> MySQL, SQL Server, Access, Oracle, Sybase, DB2, and other database systems.<br /> <br /> The Structured Query Language (SQL) comprises one of the fundamental building blocks of modern database architecture. SQL defines the methods used to create and manipulate relational databases on all major platforms. At first glance, the language may seem intimidating and complex but it's really not all that bad. In a series of articles over the next few weeks we'll explore the inner workings of SQL together. By the time we're through, you'll have the fundamental knowledge you need to go out there and start working with databases!
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